The cover of the book Structured Computer Organizations pretty much explains the computer architecture. It gives us a preview of the architecture and gives us an idea of how things work in each important subcategory and its corresponding performance in the computer.
Assembly Language Level:
The loader's function is to transfer data from offline memory to internal storage.
The assembler converts the assembly language into executable machine code.
High-level languages are a lot better than low-level languages because they are easier to read, write and maintain.
Operating System Level:
The Operating System is one of the most important components in a computer system.
Race condition in a operating system occurs when the output is dependent on the sequence or timing of other uncontrollable events.
Most application programs require an OS to function. One of the most, renowned and used Operating System is Microsoft's WINDOWS.
ISA Level:
The ISA, Instruction Set Architecture, is the interface between hardware and software.
It defines the items in the computer that are available to a program since computers do not understand high level languages.
Microarchitecture Level:
Microarchitecture is implemented on a processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures. Implementations might vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology.
Digital Logic Level:
The last level, Digital Logic, speaks about the storage in the computer. The Random-Access Memory,a form of data storage, allows stored data to be accessed in very nearly the same amount of time for any storage location, so data can be accessed quickly in any random order. A flipflop is an electronic circuit or mechanical device capable of assuming either of two stable states, especially a computer circuit used to store a single bit of information.
